საკომუნიკაციო ქართული I

Introduction
Georgia and the Georgian Language
 
  History of the flag The "five-cross flag" (White flag with a red cross and four smaller crosses in the white quarters.) has been used since at least the 13th century. The central element of the flag is St. George's (the patron saint of Georgia) cross. The flag was adopted by the Georgian parliament on 14 January 2004.       Georgia ’ s State Emblem This is Georgia's State Emblem adopted on 1 October 2004. It is partially based on the medieval arms of the Georgian royal house of Bagrationi. It has two lions rampant as supporters. They held a shield with St. George, Georgia's patron saint, slaying the dragon. The shield is surmounted with the royal crown of Georgia.   Language   The   official language is   Georgian, the   only   language in   the   Iberian- Caucasian family written in ancient script, with its own unique alphabet. Short info about Georgian script: The Nuskhuri ( “ minuscule ” ) or Kutkhovani ( “ squared ” ) script first appeared in the ninth century. Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri, collectively known as   Khutsuri   (ხუცური,   or   “ church   script ” ),   were   used   together   to   write religious manuscripts, with the Asomtavruli serving as capital letters. The oldest uncontroversial examples of Georgian writing are an asomtavruli inscription in a church in Bethlehem from 430 CE. The   modern   alphabet,   called   Mkhedruli   (მხედრული,   “ secular ”   or “ military writing ” ), first appeared in the eleventh century. It was used for non- religious purposes up until the eighteenth century, when it was completely replaced by Khutsuri. The orthography is phonemic. There are a few theories about the origin of Georgian script (imitation of the Greek model, Sassanian Persian and Sogdian scripts, Sumerian, Akadian etc. ) Armenian sources attribute the   alphabet to   Mesrop Mashtots, who is credited with the invention of the Armenian alphabet, but this is not generally accepted. This story comes from Georgian-Armenian religious opposition in the 7th century. As a matter of fact the first Georgian writing samples are much elder than Armenian script. There are other interpretations. One of the more contentious is that the asomtavruli alphabet was invented in 412 BC by Georgian priests of the cult of Matra (Persian Mithra), and reformed in 284 BC by King Parnavaz I of Iberia. The Asomtavruli alphabet is known also as Mrgvlovani (მრგვლოვანი, “ rounded ” ). Examples of it are still preserved in monumental inscriptions, such as those of the Georgian church in Bethlehem (near Jerusalem, 430) and the church of Bolnisi Sioni near Tbilisi (4th-5th centuries). Older Asomtavruli inscriptions have   been   claimed   to   date   from   pre-Christian times,   the   3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. These were found in Armaztsikhe (near Mtskheta) and Nekresi (in the Kakheti region of Eastern Georgia).   Morphology   Georgian is an agglutinative language. There are certain prefixes and suffixes that are joined together in order to build a verb. In some cases, there can be a few different morphemes in one verb at the same time with the meaning of the verbal categories.   Morphophonology   Syncope is a common phenomenon in Georgian. When a suffix (especially the plural suffix -eb-) is attached to a word which has either of the vowels a or e in the last syllable, this vowel is, in most words, lost. For example, megobari   means “ friend. ” To say “ friends, ”